Psycho Dynamic Psychology Essay - 763 Words

The psycho dynamic approach is a form of depth psychology, the objective of this technique for the psychotherapist is to open up the unconscious content of the mind in order to treat the psychic anxiety of the patient. Even though this method stems from the psychoanalysis it is a smaller amount comprehensive technique. The humanistic/existential approach associated with the conviction that human beings are alone in this world, for the reason of this belief is that a person may perhaps feel a sense of meaningless, this roundabout approach does offers positive growth, the opportunity for the patient to recognize his or her problems furthermore encourages themselves to create his or her own values in addition to meanings and to make†¦show more content†¦Cognitive mental aspect of behaviour is based on the belief that negative feelings are a result of negative thoughts; if a person can change their thoughts then that person can change feelings and their behavior. Behavioral is a directive approach based on the main beliefs of classical as well as instrumental conditioning that focuses on behaviour and not just the thoughts. A suggestion that combines these two is believed to be Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. I found a website that further explains these approaches: The psycho dynamic approach is a form of depth psychology, the objective of this technique for the psychotherapist is to open up the unconscious content of the mind in order to treat the psychic anxiety of the patient. Even though this method stems from the psychoanalysis it is a smaller amount comprehensive technique. The humanistic/existential approach associated with the conviction that human beings are alone in this world, for the reason of this belief is that a person may perhaps feel a sense of meaningless, this roundabout approach does offers positive growth, the opportunity for the patient to recognize his or her problems furthermore encourages themselves to create his or her own values in addition to meanings and to make changes. Cognitive mental aspect ofShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freuds Psycho Dynamics and Piagets Cognitive Approaches to Psychology2190 Words   |  9 PagesDescribe and evaluate the theories of Sigmund Freuds psycho dynamic approach as an explanation of human behaviour. In the evaluation summarise and evaluate the cognitive perspective as an alternative explanation of human behaviour. This essay is going to describe in depth and detail the theories of Sigmund Freuds psycho dynamic approach. The strengths and weakness as an evaluation of Sigmund Freuds work. A summary and evaluation of the cognitive perspective as an alternative of human behaviourRead MoreThe Four Paradigms Of The Four Major Paradigms Of Psychology968 Words   |  4 Pages Cultural-Contextual Literacy Assignment Zanyah Brown Sampson Community College Mrs. Arnette’s Psychology Class Fall 2017 Cultural-Contextual Literacy Assignment In this assignment, the four major paradigms of psychology are discussed. The reasoning behind the placement of the theories will be discussed thoroughly and efficiently. Each of the theories was placed on a spectrum that measured whether they were more influenced by heredity or environment. Some, as many can see, can fit into both sidesRead MoreContribution of Psychology and Social Psychology to the Study of Health and Welfare Issues1358 Words   |  6 PagesContribution of Psychology and Social Psychology to the Study of Health and Welfare Issues In this assignment I will be comparing and contrasting two psychological approaches demonstrating their relevance to understanding a health issue. The issue that I will be applying the two psychological approaches to is Smoking. The psycho dynamic approach denotes the active forces within the personality that motivate behaviour, and the inner causes of behaviourRead MoreAudrey Hepburn and Personality Theories1215 Words   |  5 Pagesbulbs in order to stay alive.† (Flonder, 1998) There are several theories in the study of psychology that suggest how a personality is formed and what creates it’s unique characteristics in which drive a person to act a particular way in certain environments and while interacting with others. In Audrey Hepburn’s case the Objective Relation Theory and the infamous Sigmund Freud theory of Psycho-dynamic best fit her characteristics and actions by what is recorded of her life history and personalRead MoreAnalyzing the Components of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality1232 Words   |  5 Pageswhat he called Individual Psychology,† It was based on the idea of the indivisibility of the personality. His most significant divergence from Freuds premises was his belief that it was crucial to view the human being as a whole—not as a conglomeration of mechanisms, drives, or dynamic parts. In contrast to most psychological thinking of the time, Adler believed that, fundamentally, human beings are self- determined. (Hoffman, 2000) Carl Jung’s interest in psychology was more overt than andRead MoreThe New Christian Counsellor : A Fresh Biblical And Transformational Approach Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesis a book that aims to teach people and empower them to take possession of their souls in the contemporary life of a multi-faceted approach design. The authors are seasoned Christian counsellors who have a vast experience in dealing with people’s psycho-spiritual issues from a Christian point of view (Hawkins Clinton, 2015 p.6). Through their noble ideas, the professors seek to guide their reads through the power of the Holy Spirit in their lives, under the influence of God’s word and in a mannerRead MoreEssay on How to Rev Kids Up to do What You Ask876 Words   |  4 Pagescould observe a control group for even better understanding of the interplay between parent and child interactions. Extensive research is required to adequately support the findings. There are many variables: chores, routines, temperament, family dynamics, peer groups, other key players (piano teacher), social ecology aspects, just to list a few that can affect the family. 2. Advice in article compared to Course Reader and text The advice given in the article is broad. The course material concurredRead MoreBehavioral Analysis Unit1076 Words   |  5 Pagespolice officers with advanced degrees in psychology,criminology,sociology, and conflict resolution. These specialized agents assist local law enforcement on cases matching their profiling expertise. Since the BAU is a sub division of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI, and has its own resources for teaching their agents on the subject of criminal profiling. Topics include applied behavioral science for law enforcement operations; applied criminology; bio-psycho social aspects of criminal behavior;Read MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagesimage, and criticism of community leaders sowed seeds of discontent within the community (Rossetti, 1999). So what causes narcissistic personality disorder? It is not surprising much of the theories about the roots of this disorder come from psycho-dynamic theorists. They claim that this problem probably starts with parents who are emotionally distant (Comer, 2010, p. 534). According to this theory, these people spend their lives defending against feelings of inadequacy and regection. They do thisRead MoreHistory And Background Of Fritz Redl And William Wattenberg1654 Words   |  7 PagesHistory and Background Fritz Redl and William Wattenberg are two of the most influential psychologists and educators in the history of psycho education. Their work is centered around understanding youth behaviors and integrating proactive strategies to positively influence group behavior. Together, they altered the way many teachers view their role inside the classroom. Their unique ideas and principles helped open the eyes of many educators to ways of managing classroom behavior while strengthening

Description of Bipolar Disorder - 777 Words

Team presentation: Evaluation Description Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness. It is classified as a mood disorder and is characterized by severe mood swings between states of euphoric elation and depression. While everyone is happy and sad sometimes, the mood states of bipolar disorder are extreme. When manic, people with bipolar disorder may have delusions of grandeur, talk rapidly, and their attention will flit from one subject to another. A select few, although by no means all patients may become violent. When depressed, the patient may not want to get out of bed and feel he or she has no desire to live. Rapid cycling is when patients cycle between these extremes much more quickly than the customary weeks or months. Based upon the severity of the episodes and other presenting features, bipolar disorder is classified according to several different subtypes: bipolar I, bipolar II, mixed bipolar, and cyclothymia. The presentation did not define the differences between the manifestations of the disorder. Neurological damage or changes to the brain as a result of the illness One notable feature of bipolar disorder is that patients have an enlarged amygdala. The presentation does not define the significance of the amygdala, or explain what it means that duration of illness, prior medical exposure, number of hospital visits or duration of substance abuse were not associated with the enlarged amygdala (Hendrickson et al 2013: 2) Behavioral orShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Bipolar Disorder In The Fall Of The House Of Usher1536 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the 1800s, have suffered from psychological disorders including bipolar disorder. Edgar Allan Poe was one of many who were diagnosed with this disorder, and it is prevalent in many of his works. The Fall of the House of Usher by Poe clearly depicts the symptoms of bipolar disorder, and he translates his feelings on the topic as well. Through the use of Roderick Usher and his sister, Madeline, Poe depicts the transference of bipolar disorder within a family, and more specifically with twinsRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1289 Words   |  6 PagesAfter class discussion, it became apparent that individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) can have occupations and can interact normally with others if the disorder is kept under control or manage by psychopharmacological interventions. The lability that can be seen during the manic episodes may be puzzl ing or irritating to those who are not familiar with the different signs and symptoms that a person may display during this phase. In view of the unpredictability or lability that individuals with BDRead MorePsychiatric Concept Of Bipolar Disorder1312 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder (Neel Burton M.D. 2012) suggests the modern psychiatric concept of bipolar disorder originated during the nineteenth century. However, in his excerpt â€Å"A Short History of Bipolar Disorder†, (Neel Burton M.D. 2012) writes that the relationship between melancholy and mania dates back to the Ancient Greeks. According to the excerpt Jules Baillarger and Jean-Pierre Falret presented their descriptions to the Academie de Medicine, both of which used the term insanity in their descriptionsRead MoreBipolar Disorder1544 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Bipolar disorder or  manic depression causes serious shifts in mood, energy, thinking, and behavior—from the highs of mania on one extreme, to the lows of depression on the other. More than just a fleeting good or bad mood, the cycles of bipolar disorder last for days, weeks, or months. And unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with your ability to function. 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Bipolar disorder origins in 1854, Jules Baillarger and Jean-Pierre Falret, independently present descriptions of the disorder to Academie de Medicine in Paris. German neuropsychiatrist Emanuel Mendel in 1881 wrote â€Å"that heRead MoreTreatment For Middle Aged African American Women With Bipolar Disorder849 Words   |  4 Pageswomen with bipolar disorder What is it? Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by drastic mood swings ranging from immense euphoria to extreme depression. People with bipolar disorder are likely to experience a lack of energy, participation in normal social activities, and the ability to complete daily routines. This can cause interpersonal relationships and work-life to suffer. They may also have strong thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide as a result of bipolar disorder. The causeRead MoreThe Signs and Symptoms of Bipolar Disease758 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disease is a very odd disorder affecting many people. This paper will describe what bipolar disease is, the signs and symptoms of this disease, and who it affects. It will also inform you of the causes of bipolar disease and how to diagnose and treat it. Description Bipolar disease, previously called manic-depressive illness, is a disorder in the brain characterized by extreme variations in mood, energy, and activity levels. Patients with bipolar disease find it strenuous completingRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe multitude of forms it will take. Bipolar disorder affects roughly 2.3 million adults, age eighteen and over per year. (â€Å"Bipolar Disorder† 2) Generally seventy-five percent have a minimum of one kin relative with manic-depression or severe depression (â€Å"Possible Causes of Bipolar Disorder† 2). Both male and female can attain bipolar disorder. Some youth may get bipolar disorder; however, most cases usually strike young adults in their early 20s. Bipolar disorder is generally common among those whoRead MoreTom Experienced A Manic Episode920 Words   |  4 Pagesdidn’t matter as much.† Hearing Tom’s description of what happened makes me feel he struggles with bipolar disorder. Tom didn’t go into too much detail with his therapist regarding the length of time he suffered from his manic episode, nor did he delve into his depressed episode. However, Tom noted the obvious signs of bipolar disorder in his description of his struggles after his exams. The DSM V (APA, 2013) notes a manic episode experienced with bipolar disorder is noted by â€Å"abnormally, persistently

Alexander Murray Palmer Haley Free Essays

Alex Haley was born on August 11, 1921 in Ithaca, New York. He was the oldest son of Simon Alexander Haley and Bertha Palmer Haley. His father was a World War I veteran, and his mother was a teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander Murray Palmer Haley or any similar topic only for you Order Now Until he was five years old, he lived in Henning, Tennessee with his grandmother because his father had to finish his studies. Alex was always extremely proud of his father as a young man. Alex Haley graduated from high school at the age of 15 and enrolled at Alcorn AM College (Alcorn State University) in Mississippi. He focused hard on education, just like his father. In 1939 he quit school, though, to become part of the Coast Guard. He retired from the Coast Guard in 1959, and decided to make writing part of his life. He became a freelance writer. He wrote many articles over the years and got them published, but he got very little pay. Haley can still remember working 16-hours a day for roughly $2,000 a year, surviving on not much but canned sardines. Alex Haley was the author of the Roots phenomenon. He had learned tales of his African ancestor, Kunta Kinte, as a child. Alex was told he was Kunta Kinte’s seventh generation descendant, and after ten years of research he discovered the truth. He went to the village of Juffure, where Kunta Kinte grew up, and listened to the true tales of a tribal historian. Alex said that the most emotional moment of his life was standing at the site in Annapolis, Maryland, where his ancestor stood in chains from Africa more than 200 years ago. Alex Haley also wrote The Autobiography of Malcolm X book. His big breakthrough was in 1962 when he was asked to do an interview with the trumpeter Miles Davis in the Playboy magazine. The interview was so successful that Haley was given a contract to conduct interviews with several other African Americans. Haley interviewed Martin Luther King Jr. , Sammy Davis Jr. , Quincy Jones, and Malcolm X. After an interview with Malcolm X, Alex asked if he could write a book on Malcolm’s life. Two years later, The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told To Alex Haley book was published. Not only did Alex Haley write these beautiful pieces of art he showed people of color that they too should be proud of their heritage and avoid easily falling victim to the viciousness of racism. Through his writing, Alex Haley was capable of making African Americans feel strong and triumphant. He attempted to depict African Amercians for what they truly opposed to what many racists may perceive them to be. This is in my opinion, is what Alex Haley has contributed to society. If I could meet Alex Haley, I would tell him how much I admire him and his ancestor, Kunta Kinte. I watched Roots from start to finish and it honestly blew my mind. I would also ask a few questions, such as- â€Å"What was it like after you found out Kunta Kinte was your ancestor? † â€Å"How did you feel when you stood at the site where Kunta Kinte arrived? † â€Å"Did you like school? † And finally, â€Å"Do you know how much I love Roots? † I actually did enjoy researching Alex Haley because I learned a few new things. I had been wanting to learn more about the man who directed Roots. So when I was given this project I was pretty excited. How to cite Alexander Murray Palmer Haley, Papers

Business Technology Informatics

Question: What is a Business Report? Answer: 1. Introduction The growing advancement in technology and its adoption by many businesses has catered benefit for their business process. The business that goes with same old tradition of doing business faces tough time to maintain their operation and survive in the complex market. The current report will be discussing the supporting factor that will help in pleasing the bank to grant loan. Background The proposed report highlights that a medium sized business has been purchased and in order to improve its business process, the entrepreneur of grocery store wants to employ a whole new information system that can improve its operation and sustain in the market. Therefore, in this case entrepreneur is shortage of capital and requires having loan. Thus, entrepreneur approach to local bank for $80000 for financing it activity. Aim The objective of the given report is to provide acceptable evidence and document that can assure that entrepreneur really requires loan for its business process and also full financial detail for paying loan after loan is granted. 2. Business Overview The grocery store business was opened back in 1989 and it is engaged in providing services to local community for number of years. The store is well known by the local consumers and buys many products from the stores. With the increase of other grocery store and better service, the customers are gradually shifting their preference to those stores. The business operates their business in traditional way and does all their work manually without using any technology like computers or other system. The employees of the business has to perform all their activities by their own which exerts pressure on them as they has to do all the work on paper. The grocery store operates in two distinct locations that are Dubbo and Bathurst in New South Wales. As per the last five years annual report of the business, the profit and sales has been declining. Apart from that, the business lacks information about who are their loyal customers (Kursunluoglu, 2014). The business process of grocery store is b eing continued in the same fashion as it was started and due to that business is not able to compete in the globalization period. Although, the owner of the business has expansion plan for commencing new grocery store in five different locations so that they can reach out to large customer and provide service to them with their different products (Pagla Brennan, 2014). Moreover, the business is planning to improve their efficiency level in order to enhance their performance level and providing quick and prompt service to their customers. 3. Business Project Analysis Business Development Team The business development team is required by the entrepreneur so that they can provide information about the new market opportunities and new information system that can help in improving the business operation. The team can help the business in knowing the number of competitors that would be present in other five locations where the grocery store wants to expand their business (Paswan et al. 2012). Moreover, the services requirement can be known that would be beneficial for improving efficiency. Decision Process Improvements In order to enhance the decision process, the owner of grocery store can hire expert personnel that can guide them to plan the strategy or improving the previous or existing system so that its benefit can be carried forward and unproductive element can be ignored. Moreover, the expert can help in designing the store in much effective way that can attract and please the consumers (Singh Koshy, 2012). Therefore, for commencing the operation, the business may require cost for hiring expert. Customer Relationship Database Design The customer relationship database is important as the business can be able to track the total number of customers. Therefore, for this purpose the business may require computer system in their premises in all different location so that employees of the business do not have to remember the details of the consumers. Moreover, the products, order details, invoices, etc can be known through database (Sribnyak, 2012). Therefore, it can increase the efficiency and accuracy of the business in providing fast service to customers. On the other hand, it can decrease the work load from employees that can help in engaging the effort of workers in more productive way. Figure 1: Customer Relationship Database Therefore, it can help the grocery business to know the number of customer that buys the product from the store maximum number of times. Thus, business would need number of tech system that can monitor the move of the customers as well as employees. On the other, sales and inventory can be effectively tracked which can help in knowing the number of sales for each week, month or year and requirement of inventory can be also known. Project Budget The budget is essential for the business so that they can finance their operation in order to function effectively in different locations. The project budget can help in knowing different expenses that may be required for implementing new information system (Stone, 2012). Therefore project budget is crucial so that whole new business can be set up and can be presented to customers in new form. Therefore, it can increase the presence of the business in market. Particulars Amount Office Rent $5000 Supplies $1500 Utilities $300 Postage $100 Taxes $100 Professional Fees $10000 Repairs and Maintenance $15000 Advertising $3000 Supplies (for specific projects) $2000 Assistants (for specific projects) $2500 Travel (for specific projects) $5000 Insurance $10000 Legal Fees $12000 Fixtures and Equipment $20000 Decorating and Remodeling $12500 Computer System $25000 Training Expenses $11000 Installation Charges $9000 Starting Inventory $20000 Research and Development $10500 Development team $15000 Consultants $5000 Total Projected Project Budget $169500 Available Cash $89500 Required Loan $80000 Therefore, it can be observed that, grocery business has $89500 available cash and in order to fund their expansion plan business require further $80000 capital that can help in setting up the store in five different locations. Project Plan Explain project plan: The owner of the grocery store has to inform their stakeholders about the plan including the budget, schedule, risks, building specifications, etc so that ample support can be gained from the stakeholders. The road map of the project has to be discussed along with the cost. On the other hand, the performance measure has to be taken in account in order to know whether the project is carried in expected manner or not (McKayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Nesbitt et al. 2012). Define Roles and Responsibility: The business can assign task to respective personalities such as tech expert can perform the task of arranging system in the store and installing it and monitoring the performance of system. On other hand, market researcher can help in providing information about the location feasibility and complexity of the location (Pagla Brennan, 2014). Therefore, it can be effective for the business to take decision before operating in the chalked out location. Develop Scope Statement: The business may need to deliver the advantage of the project to its stakeholders. The benefit that can be gained such as increase in sales, better working environment, less workload, handful of customers, etc. has to be stated so that much need support can be received from stakeholders (Kursunluoglu, 2014). Therefore, it can be effective for the business to taste success from different locations. Task Name Duration Planning 5 days Analysis and Design 6 days Project and Assign Staff 2 hour Arrange Travel for technology acquisition 1 hour Business Review 1 day Strategic Orientation 1 day Cost Analysis- Baseline Estimation 1 day Process Review 25 days Requirement Phase Requirement Detailed 24 days Business System Requirement 33 days Retail Requirements 24 days Design delivered phase 36 days System design 42 days System Testing Phase 55 days Data Preparation and Cleansing 98 days Development 33 days Testing 32 days Training 25 days Perform Business Activities 8 days Table 1: Project Plan 4. Conclusion The whole report represented the proof why the business required loan. The business wanted loan to install new information system into their new medium sized business. The grocery store was facing problem due to old business activities and they wanted to upgrade their system with modern technology that can help in increasing their efficiency and provide better service to the customers. On the other hand, the installing new information system, the business can be able to track and keep the record in much safer way and they can easily access the database to know their growth. Moreover, the business required loan as the business falling short of $80000 capital to finance their business process so that they can start their activities in five different areas. Therefore, the business can be able to meet their excess expenses and commence their business. References Kursunluoglu, E. (2014). Shopping centre customer service: creating customer satisfaction and loyalty. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 32(4), 528-548. doi:10.1108/mip-11-2012-0134 McKay Nesbitt, J., DeMoranville, C., McNally, D. (2012). A strategy for advancing social marketing. Journal Of Social Marketing, 2(1), 52-69. doi:10.1108/20426761211203256 Pagla, M., Brennan, R. (2014). The development of brand attitudes among young consumers. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 32(6), 687-705. doi:10.1108/mip-08-2012-0077 Paswan, A., Guzmn, F., Blankson, C. (2012). Business to business governance structure and marketing strategy. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(6), 908-918. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.10.011 Singh, R., Koshy, A. (2012). A new conceptualization of salesperson's customer orientation. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 30(1), 69-82. doi:10.1108/02634501211193921 Sribnyak, O. (2012). Mini Cooper: Current Marketing Strategy, Digital Marketing Approach, the Brand Ethical Values. Bulletin - Prague College Centre For Research And Interdisciplinary Studies, 2012(2). doi:10.2478/v10284-012-0001-3 Stone, M. (2012). Reflections on a life in database marketing. Journal Of Database Marketing Customer Strategy Management, 19(4), 214-218. doi:10.1057/dbm.2012.27

Irregardless Is Not a Word

IRREGARDLESS IS NOT A WORD Sometimes when trying to achieve a fun, casual tone in writing, especially important in many marketing and sales projects, it’s usually best to write the same way we talk, right? Wrong. Our speech is riddled with poor grammar and misused words because we don’t have the advantage of editing our words as we speak (but wouldn’t that make the world a much better place?). We become accustomed to hearing words and phrases improperly used and incorporate them into our writing – but, even though these words, phrases, and poor grammatical structures are acceptable in speech, they are dead giveaways of poor copywriting. So when writing an article, the word â€Å"restauranteur† kept showing up in red on my spell-check program. I didn’t understand the problem until my editor corrected me – the proper word is â€Å"restaurateur.† If I had been speaking, I could have faked it. But when mistakes are written on the page in black and white, they appear larger than life. A good example of a phrase that is commonly misused in speech and then transferred into writing is â€Å"for all intensive purposes.† What exactly is an â€Å"intensive purpose?† That phrase makes no sense at all – the correct phrase is â€Å"for all intents and purposes.† And then there’s my number one pet-peeve of all time, and a telltale sign of poor, uninformed writing: should of, would of, and could of. When speaking, we often use the contractions â€Å"should’ve, would’ve, could’ve,† which sounds like we are saying â€Å"should of, would of, could of.† In fact, because they are contractions, the correct usage is should have, would have, and could have. With a thorough background in grammar and some careful editing, these mistakes can be avoided. Spelling, grammar, and correct usage are the essential building blocks of polished writing. Be sure to watch out for those homonyms, most spell-check programs won’t pick them up. If you don’t know the difference between affect and effect, or when to use to, two, and too, try an internet search and brush up on commonly misused words. And no, â€Å"irregardless† is certainly not a word, no matter how often you hear it in usage. â€Å"Regardless† is a better term – and correct †¦ look it up!

Staffing Example

Staffing Example Staffing – Coursework Example Structured interview form for World Bank World Bank is a United Nations branch; it is in United s, Washington. It was started in 1944 with an aim to reduce poverty in developing countries. It provides loans and financial assistance to membered countries all over the world. In this question, have decided to be a Human Resources Manager of the World Bank, by conducting an interview of recruiting employees to work in different departments in the Bank. The interview will be tight because the number of interviewees is high. Interviewing is the best way to recruit employees, because it completely assesses the interviewee knowledge and interpersonal skills. Tell us what you understand about World BankThe answer to this question helps to evaluate the experience of the interviewee about the bank. It helps to identify if he/she has self-interest in the bank and if they know what they will be doing in the bank. They know roughly about the activities conducted in the bank, the purpose of the ban k, its strengths and weaknesses. It will help to identify the most serious interviewees in the interview and those who have attended just for the sake of attending.How can you handle a misbehaving client in your office?This question identifies the performance of the interviewee and his customer service skills. Their attitude concerning a problem with their clients and how they can best solve it. The performance matters in any business because it also depicts on how the interviewee will be relating with the other workers and the top management. Good behavior is a crucial component in an interview. Do you have any cash handling experience?This question will assess how the interviewee can handle much cash that is flowing in his day to day activities. It looks at the transparency of the individual to handling cash if he/she knows how to record balance sheets and other cash flow documents, how to best avoid stealing money or the disappearance of money with no exact source.Tell us more ab out the banking law amendment billThis question helps to know if the interviewee knows more about the current affairs concerning the banking sector, what change have been made lately, the performance of other banks, the importance of listening to the news and reading some banking journals.What do you understand by the term depositing, withdrawing, cheque and bank slips?This question helps to identify if the interviewee knows some basic terms of the banks. It helps to avoid misunderstanding or poor performance skills of the worker. This question helps to identify the education and experience level of the interviewee. General knowledge about the subject in which one will be interviewed.In summary, interviews are important in recruiting of employees because they help to assess the information and performance skills of the employees. It will help to counter any work related problems after recruiting employees.ReferenceMargret, D., (2006), The Essential Guide to Recruitment: How to Condu ct Great Interviews and Select the Best Employees. London: Kogan Page Publishers

Business - Does BPR liberate or exploit workers How Assignment

Business - Does BPR liberate or exploit workers How - Assignment Example Champy, have argued that organizations are simply wasting their time by shifting the tasks involved in a process between departments instead of bringing all the tasks under the centralized control of a process control team (12 Manage, 2010) They have argued that the suppliers, distributors and the business partners should be brought under one umbrella in order to execute the process more easily and effectively in quick time. Hammer, a former professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has argued that most of the works done by the organizations are not giving any value to the customers even though the resources were exploited heavily. He argued that the resource utilization must be minimized and the customer value should be increased by organizations as part of the BPR. BPR has shaken the business world in the 90’s and many organizations were started to implement it for raising the effectiveness of their firm. The arrival of BPR has brought lot of controversies also. Critics argued that BPR is misused for exploiting the workers rather than utilizing the resources effectively by organizations. On the other hand proponents argued that BPR liberated workers by making their tasks lot easier. This paper tries to answer the question; Does BPR liberate or exploit workers? How? Muthu et al (1999) has defined BPR as the reengineering of the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in performances such as cost, quality, service and speed (Muthu et al, 1999, p.1). Organizations are currently looking for cost reduction in all the departments without sacrificing the quality of their products. Increased competition has forced them to improve the speed and service extended to the customers and BPR is one way of achieving the above objectives. BPR involve; Business Process Redesign, Business Transformation, or Business

Healthcare Business & Financing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthcare Business & Financing - Essay Example Various empirical studies that have done over the past by the researchers to prove that there is a relationship between social, economic status and heath results. For example, a group of researchers of Internal medicine carried out research to determine whether there is a correlation between socioeconomic status and results for patients with a heart attack. The research discovered that poor patients who have been with a heart attack perform worse as compared to patients from the rich families. The argument may be by the fact that the poorest patient tend to undergo via extreme stress because they cannot meet their medical expenses as compared to the rich patients. Further, the study discovered those poor patients diagnosed with a heart attack were found to die early as compared to the rich. The reason for early death is due to the social, economic status. It was observed that patients from power social and economic background could not afford quality health care due to their low inco mes. In addition, patients from the poor background are unable to adapt/change their lifestyle as compared to the rich. The discussion indicates that there is a relationship between socioeconomic status and health outcomes (Alter et al., 2006). In America, health care is a privilege but not a right. Americans believe in conservatism; every individual should be able to cater for their needs including health care. The federal government has a role of empowering its citizens so that they can take care of their needs. The US constitution does not provide health care as a right. The Americans have been paying their medical bills without relying for the government to pay their medical bills. It is imperative to note that there is various reimbursement methods in healthcare system used to pay medical bills and include; billed, historical, specific service charge, bundle charge and capitulated reimbursement

Microeconomic Aspects of Music Event Realization in Radisson Blu Hotel Essay

Microeconomic Aspects of Music Event Realization in Radisson Blu Hotel of Dubai - Essay Example This essay presents a brief thorough microeconomic analysis of the ticket pricing policy for the music event, that was carried out by the management of Radisson Blu Hotel. One time experience in this hotel during July 2012 music extravaganza posed one of the most technical economic challenges to the management of the hotel and the prospective customers. The problem arose from the unprecedented demand for entry tickets. Dubai is a multicultural metro which hosts many people and musicians are one of the best entertainment sources that attract people from different walks of life. This means that the tickets which were released commensurate to the hall capacity were very few. It is important to note that the concept that was art play in this case was price elasticity. This was a luxurious event which in most cases is price inelastic and increasing ticket and drinks prices did not bring any significant change. This hotel employs a good number of the local people and therefore the benefits derived are reflected in their improved living standard. Such an economic policy like raising the price in such circumstances where the demand is high has economic benefit to the community through the hotel due to increased revenue. It is also important to note that there are some cases where the elasticity concept influences the general response of people when the cost of services or goods is altered. The scenario above did not yield better results as expected due to the price inelastic aspect of the service on offer. In some instances increasing prices will initiate increase in income due to price inelasticity especially in case of luxurious commodities and services. It is also imperative that other control measures are applied towards taming the excess demand rather than pricing policy option. It is important to note that high prices charged by the hotel must be reflected in marginal increase in costs. It is therefore imperative to note that if such actions are not well calculated with regard to economic consequences then outcome of the overall initiative can bring the firm down. Increasing the prices of the tickets that was done in this music extravaganza was used in expansionary production of various dishes as some of the products in this case and acquisition of additional furniture in the hotel. This has the effect of increasing the sitting capacity of the hotel with a multiplier effect which contributes to recruitment of more labor. This means that more members of the community are likely to get employed and extra uptake of input factors like foodstuff raw materials which will translate to increased income to the community. Such events attracts many people especially with consideration of the nature of Dubai and this means that raising the price of tickets is another way of simply boosting the revenue of the hotel due price inelasticity of the event. This high charge also means that the quality of the services and products offered must met some standard that equally has cost effects. The decision to increase

An Environmental Analysis Of Yongin Farmland In Korea Tourism Essay

An Environmental Analysis Of Yongin Farmland In Korea Tourism Essay Yongin Farmland, opened in 1976, was the first amusement park in Korea, managed by Joong-Ang Company, subsidiaries of Samsung. The 3700-acre attraction began as an agricultural center to demonstrate how mountainous land could be used productively for growing food product. Yongin Farmland opened a Motor-Park in late 1993 but loss in the first year. Samsung want to improve the customer satisfaction level at Farmland, and develop the plans for Farmlands expansion. Question: Should Samsung invest in such an aggressive expansion plan for Farmland? Is the theme park industry was an attractive industry for investment? We will start this discussion to analyze the theme park industry using Porters 5 Forces : Internal Rivalry: Since globalization, and also theme park visitors also come from other country, foreign Theme Park has also be the competitor for Farmland. There are so many big player in the world, North America with Walt Disney company is the largest (revenue in 1988 grew from $2.042 B to $3.4 B. There are also Time Warners Six Flags, Paramount. Europe has Alton Towers UK, Walt Disney, Parc Asterix and Big Bang Schtroumpf in Franc. Walt Disney segment: there signs of declining profitability in the U.S. operations, since the market was maturing and the competition was getting more intense. But Tokyo Disneyland, the Japanese operation, was growing and profitable. Asia: Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo Disney Sea, Ocean Park in Hongkong, Jaya Ancol Dreamland with Dunia Fantasi in Jakarta. China has Beijing Amusement park, with 2,000 per cent increasing revebue between 1990 and 1993. Korea: Lotte World, started in 1989, the worlds largest indoor theme park with adjoining hotel, dept store, shopping mall, folk village and sport centre. Seoul Land, located near Seoul at Kyungkido, ranked 23rd in the Top 50 theme parks worldwide A number of theme park were investing heavily in upgrading facilities and extending theme parks services. Periodically added new attractions or renovated existing ones to draw repeat customers. Leading theme park companies, such as Walt Disney Company, charged huge licensing fees. They were very selective in choosing joint ventures in other country. In this industry, its difficult to differentiation, other can copy. The competition is high intense. Threat from internal rivalry is HIGH. Entry: Theme park industry required a large-scale investment; usually required over 50 acres of land and cost could be very high, $50 M up to $3 B (this take 50 % of investment). Its also need amusement machinery (20-30 per cent of investment) and working capital requirements took the rest. Periodically need addition new attractions or renovated existing ones to draw repeat customers Æ’Â   more investment. This industry need economic of scale of higher profit. This industry has a high exit cost since high investment. Need high level of special knowledge. Government regulations were quite strict because of the extensive land use, and the potential for serious accident. A typical period required for arranging government for a theme park could be as high as two to five years (depending on the country) We can say, the entry barrier is quite high, so the threat from new entrance is quite low. Buyer The buyers are families, young adults, corporate groups and tourists. Tour operators and government tourist promotion boards also a buyer. Most of them only come to theme park in the particular season. Customer satisfaction is their need to attract a repetition, but there are so many players, and the buyer is very easy to switch. No need cost to switch to other theme park, the customer always need a new experience. Threat from buyer is HIGH. Supplier Power There were fewer than 10 suppliers who were capable of developing quality machinery, such as DOGO of Japan, HUSS of Germany, and ARROW of the US. They are worked globally; the industry can ask a custom designed. There were a large number of suppliers for the smaller machines, could be manufactured domestically. Sega Japan and Simex Canada is for special stimulators for amusement. Those suppliers are competing each other, can manufactured domestically and its a advantage for industry, so threat from Supplier is LOW. There is exception for software; sometimes, software in the industry was not easily available. In this case, Farmland will go it alone. Substitutes and Complements Consumer can substitute a visit to theme park with other modes of entertainment, something new, different, cheaper, or more convenient such as free admission parks and beaches, camping trips, video movies at home. No switching cost. Threat from substitute is medium to high, since actually the substitute is not in the same comparative with theme park industry. P.E.S.T.E.D Politic Government regulations were quite strict because of the extensive land use, and the potential for serious accident. Economic Booming Korean economy Social: Increasing demands for leisure attractions. Customer satisfaction was a critical issue Æ’Â   to draw repeat customers Technology Special stimulators for amusement purpose using proprietary technology. Software, need a high licensing fees. Virtual Reality (VR) was increasingly becoming a highly lucrative mas-market entertainment phenomenon. Environment Demography The traditional appeals are preteens, teens, and young adults. But changing demographics push to think in term of broader market, particularly families, corporate groups and senior citizens. There 5 major markets: Local family, mostly on weekend Childrens group (school, churches, scout), summer weekdays The evening market, teens and young adults, comes from concert and romancing at night Corporate Group Tourists SWOT Analysis + Internal Strength Farmland had the highest growth rate within Korean industry SAMSUNG image is a big company. Master plan includes some new park and new facilities, will continue with luxury hotels, golf courses, will give a high class resort. Mountain resort gives a fresh connotation. Weaknesses Farmland is 60 km from Seoul, during peak hours, it took as long as 2 hours to drive Farmland have more or less enough parking for the time being, but if we are going to expand, this will be a major bottleneck our customer satisfaction levels were lagging behind the key competitor, Lotte World External Opportunities The government has plans to bring the subway up to Yongin, Farmland would have a subway terminal Æ’Â   a lot of convenience to our customer Since we will build some new infrastructure, like a water park, we can invest on the newest amusement technology that can be a new challenge to the customer. Threats Walt Disney Corp. were not interested for joint venture with in Korea. Farmland had to go it alone to provide software for theme park Korean nature, work 5 Â ½ days a week, working days the travel time is long. They will not be so keen to travel on a Sunday or on holiday if the traffic is heavy. Expanding Farmland will take over more of the land mass available in the Yongin valley. Potential flooding. STRATEGY YES, Samsung invest in such an aggressive expansion plan for Farmland. We need to do many things in our strategy in order to make this as a profitable industry. According to expanding Farmland, we have to consider how we compensate the people around there since potential flooding in the surrounding region. If there is not compensation, there will be a potential threat to our company. Accessibility of the park location is a key success factor in theme park industry, so we need to make a good relationship with government according to government plan to bring the subway up to Yongin. About pricing, we will switch to Pay-one-price scheme. We have to increase our customer satisfaction levels. We also need to change the Farmland name with other name to provide a better image of the company that can attract people with something different experience. Once they come to theme park, we will provide a high quality experience to draw repeat customers. Repeat business is very important to our survival. If we dont satisfy our customers, they will not come back and we will not have any business left. We have to create something that can be our distinctive. With our master plan, Farmland will be the South Koreas largest theme park. With new investment, we can invest on the newest amusement machinery technology that can be a new challenge to the customer. We need to build a corporate image, to make Farmland as a world class resort complex. We will build our head office located where our products are, not manage Farmland by remote control. About recruitment, we need more service oriented people, more female workers, even we will face a high turnover, it will good since fresh blood always brings in fresh ideas so we would able to preserve some dynamism in our organization. What we want to build is a destination resort town and residential community where people can come, relax and enjoy themselves in a low-stress environment. For 180,00 Samsung employee, this will give a place to come and be proud of. This can bring a good spirit to all Samsung employee.

Steve Jobs Essay -- essays research papers

Steve Jobs was born on February 25, 1955. He was soon adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of Mountain View, CA. Steve wasn’t happy at school in Mountain View so the family moved to Palo Alto, CA. Steve attended Homestead High School. His electronics teacher recalled that he was "something of a loner" and "always had a different way of looking at things". [www.apple-history.com] After school, Steve attended lectures at Hewlett Packard Electronics firm in Palo Alto, CA. There he was hired as a summer employee. Another employee at Hewlett-Packard was Steven Wozniak, a recent drop-out from the University of California, Berkeley. "Woz" was an engineering whiz with a passion for inventing electric gadgets. He worked on perfecting an illegal gadget called "blue Box" that allowed them to get free long distance calls from pay phones. Jobs helped "Woz" to sell a number of "blue boxes". In 1972 Steve graduated from high school and registered at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. After dropping out of Reed after one semester he hung around the campus for a year taking classes in philosophy and immersing himself in the counter culture. In 1974, Steve Jobs took a job as a video game designer at Atari, Inc., a pioneer in electronic arcade recreation. After a few months he saved enough money to go to India where he traveled in search of spiritual enlightenment with Dan Kottke, a fri...

Political Philosophy and Medium-paragraph Length Answer Essay

Provide a medium-paragraph length answer to each question below (using full and complete sentences). The questions are about the readings listed on the syllabus for 2/19 and 2/26. 1. Identify and explain the two objections that Michael Sandel raises about Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of Utilitarianism. 2. What are the three types of policies and laws that Michael Sandel identifies as being commonly rejected by libertarians? Briefly explain each type of policy, and explain why libertarians are philosophically opposed to them. 3. According to Mary Anne Warren (in â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion†), what are the five central criteria for moral personhood, and what are the implications of this criteria on the issue of whether or not the fetus has the right to life? 4. According to Don Marquis (in â€Å"Why Abortion Is Immoral†), what is the property that the fetus possesses which makes abortion an immoral act? Why does Marquis say that abortion is just as wrong as killing an innocent adult person? 5. Judith Jarvis Thomson (in â€Å"A Defense of Abortion†) makes an argument about the morality of abortion when the pregnancy is due to rape by creating a fictitious example about being hooked up to an unconscious violinist. What are the elements of her example that make it analogous to the situation of pregnancy due to rape? What is the conclusion she draws about the morality of abortion in this situation, and what is the basis for this conclusion? Submission Guidelines Include your name and the assignment name (Homework Assignment 1) in the text of the document Include your name and the assignment name (Homework Assignment 1) in the name of the file that you submit.

buy custom Statutory Interpretation essay

buy custom Statutory Interpretation essay 1.0 Introduction According to the Harris Clay, the Law Professor at the University of Minnesota, statute is defined as officially documented enactments of a parliament or any other supreme legislative authority that comprehensively govern a country, a city or a state. Unlike the case law, the statutes declare a policy, prohibit or command something within the area of its jurisprudence. These legislations -referred to as black letter law- guarantee the rule of law in various countries. As such, statutes are widely regarded as the sole authority and the primary sources of constitutional law hence remain fundamental component within the judiciary and systems of justice (Cruz, 2009). Statutes are the most important tool of governance without which a democratic country cannot function to the optimum. Furthermore, they not only provide an elaborate legal framework necessary for the routine administration of a country but also lay down elaborate constitutional guidelines for making important decision that a ffect the country as a whole. 2.0 The Significance of Statutory Interpretation Statutory interpretation as explained by Andrew Mitchell in his book, Rules and Approaches to Statutory Interpretation, refers to a process by which judges applies and interpret the provision of an Act of Parliament when a case comes before them (2009, p. 53). For the purposes of their proper implementations, legitimized enforcements and further applications, the statutes must be accurately interpreted by competent legal experts within the Supreme Courts. Nevertheless, getting the exact meaning of the various contents of the statutes has posed a lot of challenge due to the following reasons. a) The statutes are usually complex due to the use of technical and legal language that could not be readily understood by the ordinary mass. In cases where more than one draftsman are involved in putting legislative statutes into the documentary records for the purposes of future reference, there would be high chances of incoherence under the same section. These forms of inconsistencies could only be identified and further clarified by legal experts. b) In most cases, the statutes are drafted in the present context thus fail to forecast and anticipate the future situations that are brought about by unforeseen changes, new cultures and technological advancements. As such, the statutes significantly fail to offer comprehensive provisions to all situations that would arise in the future. The judges need to interpret the statutes in bid to address existing gaps in law that were not originally covered by the statutes. c) The statutes are popularly known to contain numerous indeterminate terms and words that bears various meaning. This phenomenon renders the statutes vague and ambiguous and its intent cannot be clearly established. Therefore, different parties will tend to successfully manipulate the meanings of such statutes in their favor while advancing their arguments in the court of law. d) There are higher chances that some parts of the newly enacted statutes can also contradict the existing statutes either partially or entirely on any given matter that overlaps into more than one statute. 3.0 The Rule and Approaches to Statutory Interpretation There are a number of rules and approaches that judges of the Supreme Court use as a standardized guideline in interpreting how a given statute could be applied in a related court case. These sets of systematic rules and comprehensive approaches ensure that the intents of the statutes are accurately accrued without any constitutional lapse. The judicial systems place a lot emphasis in this process because it is the only sure constitutional avenue through which the indiscriminative rule of law could be realized. This section discusses the Literal, Golden nd Mischief rules of the statutory interpretation as well the major approaches to statutory interpretation. The main approaches of statutory interpretation revolve around the traditions of the civil and common law (canons of construction). Grammatical/ literal interpretation of statutes is the commonest. The Supreme Court will be tasked with the responsibility of ascertaining the meaning of a particular statutory provision. This usually requires deciphering the meaning of the key terms. The civil and common law judges will usually have a duty to apply a particular legislative enactment strictly, if the meaning of the statute appears to be clearly defined. If only one construction is possible, the next question is whether the court is bound by the words as formulated, or whether there is some basis for changing the literal meaning. As Cruz and Malleson (1999) would put it, The perimeter of the field of jurisprudence in traditional jurisprudence is characterized by the plain meaning rule on the one hand, and reasoning by analogy on the other. The legislative history approach seeks to ascertain legislative intention by embarking on research into the legislative history of the statute, which is often referred to by the French term tarvaux preparatoire. This category of the statutory approach is pursued very much more in civil law countries than the common law jurisdictions. Most notably, the common law statutes are not, strictly, supposed to the construed in accordance with their particular legislative history. Thirdly, the teleological approach is the last approach to statutory approach that seeks to interpret the legislative text within the context of the contemporary conditions. It presupposes the need to extend the application of a legislative provision beyond the scope of prior legislative intent and to adapt it to rapidly changing social and economic conditions. Teleological approach is regarded as the only legitimate form of statutory interpretation. However, this approach of statutory interpretation has a number of challenges in its use. It cannot be used to reach conclusion directly as in the case of logical or grammatical interpretation hence it can only be used where there are numerous possible interpretations on a particular statute. 3.1 LITERAL RULE This is the most common approach of interpreting a statute. It gained much popularity in the first quarter of the 19th century. The literal rule operates on the principle of interpreting statutes based on the contemporary literal plain meaning of the words used therein. The plain ordinary word meaning rule has proven very useful in cases where the intent of the Parliament in the process of making the enactments could not be easily determined due to consistencies between the newly legislated Act and the existing enactments within same area of legal domain. If the words are precise and pointing, then the judges can accrue the meaning of the statute from the ordinary meanings of the words. The interpreting judges assume that the intent of the law makers is directly pegged on the wordings of the statute (Dorsey, 2009). The literal rule of interpreting statutes is liable to a lot of absurdity on the mere basis that the meanings of the complex statutes are restricted to mere words which are the most imperfect and unreliable symbols of relaying intent of the Parliament or any other legislative authority over a period of time. It is most notable that 40% of the legislations interpreted under this category of approach are highly erroneous, misleading and inconsistent with other related legislations. In his observation, Tobias Dorsey maintains that Literal rule could not be independently used to help unearth the hidden rightful meaning of legislation but in combination with other approaches. Consider the 1836 scenario of R v Harris to illustrate the greatest limitations of the Literal Rule. The legislation categorically stated that it was only an offense to cut, wound or stab anny person. If Harris bit the complainant on the ear lobe then he would be acquitted because he neither used any instrument such as knife nor did any of the acts mentioned in the act (wound, cut, or stab) but his teeth to bite. Does this mean the acquitted is not guilty of the offense? Dorsey laments that the plain meaning rule is highly subjective and gives judges room for laziness. The technique prohibits justice within the judicial systems. 3.2 THE GOLDEN RULE This is a hybrid of the Literal Rule and the contextual parameters of the legislation. The Golden Rule operates on the principle that the proper meaning of any legislation can only construed from its ordinary plain words on condition that there is no absurdity, and inconsistency or repugnance with the rest of the Act. However, in the event of any absurdity, the Golden Rule demands that the grammatical and literary meaning of the words could be subjected to a constructive modification so as to eradicate the imminent inconsistency. In general, the Golden Rule functions in two phases. The literal rule is first applied and should there be any absurdity, the Supreme Court will opt for a different approach with the sole intentions of avoiding the absurdity or ambiguity. Such available mechanism would include modification of the grammatical words to bring out the rightful intent of the legislative authority. In the long run, the statute is accurately interpreted not only literal meaning of the words used but also on the legislative context under which the enactment was made. The combination of the two approaches (literal rule and the context rule) in the golden rule made it less erratic in interpreting statutes compared to the unilateral literal rule. Under the Golden Rule, the judges of the Supreme Court make much reference to the common law (canons of construction) in their attempts to interpret various statutes. Before the actual meaning the enactment is reached, the judges will review the historical context upon which the legislative authority passed the bill into a statute. The Golden Rule remains a perfect model of the legislative history approach. 3.3 THE MISCHIEF RULE The Mischief Rule is also referred to as the Mischief Policy. In the course of interpreting the statute, the Supreme Court will first of all brings into sharp focus the nature of the common law that existed before the statute was legislated, any serious lapse (loopholes and shortcomings) of the common law that hindered it from offering justice, and finally the legislative mechanism that the parliament attempted to provide in bid to offer a lasting solution to the mischief (loopholes and shortcomings of the preliminary enactments). The Mischief Policy will compel the presiding judges of the Supreme Court to do a thorough background information search into a particular legislation before its eventual interpretation. After the court has established the mischief, taken as the main weaknesses, of the previous common law(s) that prompted the legislative authority to come up with the existing legislations, it could now interpret the legislations with due precision and accuracy. So far, the mischief rule is the only outstanding approach that could accurately interpret the legislation with very minimal error. 4.0 Conclusion In conclusion, interpretation of the statutes is very important function of the Supreme Court. It ensures that various enactments written down in technical terms are accurately simplifies or interpreted for effective enforcement. The main approaches of statutory interpretation revolve around the traditions of the civil and common law. The popular approaches employed in the interpretation of various controversial enactments include Grammatical/ literal, the legislative history; teleological approaches. These highlighted approaches are guided by the literal rule, the golden rule, and the mischief in their quest to interpret legislative statutes. Buy custom Statutory Interpretation essay

Essay on Sports Management

Essay on Sports Management Essay on Sports Management Example essay on Sports Management: Gymnastics is a sporting event that does involve various performances that require a lot of physical strength, agility, coordination, balance and flexibility. There are various forms of gymnastics and these include the following; artistic gymnastics which is the best known form of gymnastics and is practiced by both men and women. It is divided into both the men’s categories that involve activities such as floor exercise, sill rings, vault, parallel bars, high bar, pommel horse and the vault and the women’s categories involve competition in vault, balance beam and uneven bars although women have been known to adequately compete in all the men’s categories in countries such as Russia early in the 1950’s. Another type of gymnastic is the rhythmic gymnastic which is mainly for women and does involve a combination of various elements such as ballet, dance, gymnastics and even apparatus manipulation. The performers are usually allowed the use of five apparatus of their choice and these apparatus may constitute a ball, hoop, clubs, rope and even the floor. It is currently not available for women but plans are underway to ensure that even men will have their own form of artistic gymnastics. Acrobatic gymnastics on the other hand is a discipline that is carried out by both men and women and it involves a group of three to four individuals that may be mixed in terms of gender performing various routines using their head, feet and even the hands of their various partners. Other forms of gymnastics include the tramp lining and tumbling that may be individualistic, double mini, power tumbling and even synchronized. There are also the team, aerobics and display gymnastics that actually mean exactly what the name spells. Gymnastics has its origins in the exercises that were performed by the ancient Greeks that entailed skills such as mounting and dismounting a horse, circuses and even ski ll display. As of today gymnastics can be performed by children as young as five years old who mainly participate in what is called kinder gym to even world class athletes. All sports of gymnastics have a body that governs them and this body is called the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) which was formed in 1881. All the other sub bodies that govern gymnastic practices in various countries are governed by the FIG. The competition for which I have been selected for involves rhythmic gymnastic that is to take place on the 18th of December 2011 and it is called the Annual Illinois Gymnastic Challenge. This will be a competition for young athletes who are of the age bracket of fifteen to twenty that is to take place in the Illinois auditorium from around 8.00am to 6.00pm. There will be five schools that have confirmed their teams’ participation in this event. The other three have not submitted their confirmation just yet and the possibilities of them confirming their attendance and participation is not known. This means that there will be about twenty five ladies participating in the tournament as each team is expected to have at least 4 team members and substitutes. The major reason for my interest in this opportunity is because first and foremost gymnastics is a very rare sport and apart from a need to learn more about the sport and be able to attend to any casualty that may occur during the tournament; I would also love to have make sure that the participants in this event have assured healthcare provision during the whole event. Secondly; this is my chance to display my skill, ability and prowess and this opportunity has presented itself and the reason why I have been selected is because they believe that I am able and suitable for the job and thus I will not let it pass. It is a huge opportunity that will go a very long way in defining my career as this is a very major sporting event and I decide to take it up. According to statistics, at least 100 000 gymnastic injuries are normally treated in hospitals, clinics, healthcare facilities and emergency rooms in the United States of America. In do not want any major injuries to occur in this event that would lead to constitute this statistics and that is the reason why I decided to take up the chance to be able to help whenever I can. My team will ensure that by all means all the casualties that will occur will be ad dressed immediately. Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that has been coherent in Illinois for about 3 years and thus it is not new to them. Most of the population here has a lot of knowledge about the sport and they allow their children to indulge in it as a hobby as well as for professional reasons. The number of ladies that participate in this sport each year is about fifty. Different age groups from five years normally compete in various gymnastic events at different times of the year. There have been occasional casualties reported over the year, with the most serious being in the year 2009 when of the lady participants lost balance during her acrobatic performance and fell on the ground and broke her ankle. Apart from this major injury; the rest have just been minor such as a twisted ankle, an injured arm, a bruise and a cut here and there. These are very minor casualties that have always been treated and there has never been a need to rush any participant to the hospital. Most of the schools that have their teams participating in this competition have very professional coaches who have trained in rhythmic gymnastics over the years and they have trained their team members very well on the safety measures that should be taken before and after the vent. Secondly, this auditorium has been used over the last three years that this sport has been held here. But we did not just assume that since it has always been used; it is safe. Safety measures have been put into place to ensure that all the participants are safe before, during and even after the tournament. All the equipments have been duly inspected and so far we have ensured that they are all safe and none at all is a health hazard. Replacement of the old equipments may have cost us more than we had anticipated spending in this event but it is all aimed at the benefit of all. We do not want to report any injuries and thus we have to take very tight health measures and also be on stand by just incase our help will be needed. The schools that have their teams participating in the tournament have ensured that they have renewed their health cover insurance with the various hospitals for each and every participant. This basically means that in case of a very major casualty that we really don’t anticipate does happen, all the cost at the hospital will be covered by the insurance parties in business with the school. My team will consist of six members. They are four gentlemen and two ladies. The reason why I chose four men is because I will definitely need the muscle power incase of any emergency. I think all of them will be on call because I will really need them. We will get our equipment and supplies from the Illinois Community Hospital which is about 100 meters from the auditorium. The reason why we chose this hospital is because it is very close to the auditorium and secondly it is where we contracted to take any of our emergency cases. The other necessities we will get from the various chemists and pharmacies nearby. After considering all the equipments, supplies and even the labor cost that would be used in the whole project; our approximate budget was 190 000 US Dollars. This is because each of my team members expects to take home an amount of US Dollars 20, 000. For all the equipments, supplies, casual laborers will be about US Dollars 40, 000 and then I would pay myself an amount of US Dollars 30, 000. The reason why I have stated such a large amount for my team members and It is because this may just be a single day’s work but it is going to be very demanding, tiring and consuming and after a long tiring day’s work, we will need a reward. So we practically have about one and a half weeks to put everything in order, ensure that all my team members will be available and fit for the job and basically to put my house in order. I am very positive that by the end of this week everything will have been put into place as we have done already dealt with the huger problems and challenges. The rest are just minor that we can cover within days considering I have very efficient and reliable team players. My dream is to make this event a great success and my gut tells me that I will achieve that. Feel free to purchase essay on Sports topics at professional custom essay writing service. 24/7 support. Highly qualified academic writers.

Marketing communication (REPORT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing communication (REPORT) - Essay Example With the Nike + TV ad already running, the social media campaign should be more detailed with the content of the ad. The advertisement should be able to serve its purpose in the market by segmenting its territory and attracting new subscribers or clients. According to Funk (2013) the campaign should choose wisely the social media platforms that it will be run on. The consideration is also strategic since the aim of the campaign is to re energise the loyalty of the brand and also attract new clients. Capturing the attention of the readers and viewers dos not only include the perfect use of color, but it also has so much to deal with the choice of words used. Words that are captivating to the ear and capturing to the eye are almost always the simplest words that we use on our day to day conversations. More often than not, the target audience is normally the driving force towards determining an ad. In our case, Nike+ is a sports line that deals with all types of sporting equipment, balls and apparels. The target market here is definitely inclined towards sportsmen and sports enthusiasts. This however is still a very wide market that will also need to be segmented according to the content of the available product. The only way to attract interest is by association. Let the audience of the campaign feel associated with the campaign. With the term possibilities, let the campaign be designed such that it shows ability, determination, chance and finally possibility. After getting the attention of the viewer, the advertisement or campaign should be able to attract the viewer. This is only achievable by creating a level of interest up to the point where the viewer would like to know how he/she will benefit or gain from the item in front of them. Just do it-possibility is creating a new feeling, a feeling of much more in the field where someone has already accomplished. The campaign should therefore strategically place itself on a

Chapter 24 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chapter 24 - Essay Example Whereas the aromatic compounds are those compounds which have a cyclic carbon chain with alternating double bonds. A very important group of aromatic compounds includes benzene which is a cyclic compound with 6 carbon atoms and alternate double bonds. 24.3 The hydrocarbons in which the adjacent carbon atoms have only one carbon-carbon bond are called saturated hydrocarbons. These are called saturated compounds because all the four carbon valences are satisfied and no more hydrogen can be attached to the carbon atom. These hydrocarbons are represented by the formula CnH2n+2. Example of saturated hydrocarbon is ethane (C2H6). The hydrocarbons which contain one or more a double or triple bond in the compound are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. These compounds are called unsaturated because all the carbon valences are not satisfied by hydrogen atoms. The alkenes and alkynes are the examples of unsaturated compounds represented by the formula CnH2n and CnH2n-2. Example of unsaturated hydrocarbon is ethane (C2H4). 24.9 A carbon atom in a compound is called chiral, if the mirror image of this compound cannot be superimposed on itself. In a simplified way, if all the four substituent of a carbon atom are different, then such a carbon atom will be chiral. An example of such a compound is bromochlorofluoromethane. 24.25 CH3CH(NH2)COOH and CH2(OH)CH(NH2)COOH are chiral amino acids as all the four substituent of the central carbon atom are different, so the... 24.27 Structural formula of: a) 3-methylhexane b) 1,3,5-trichloro-cyclohexane c) 2,3-dimethylpentane d) 2-bromo-4-phenylpentane e) 3,4,5-trimethyloctane 24.31 Structures are: a) 1-bromo-3-methylbenzene b) 1-chloro-2-propylbenzene c) 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene 24.34 Lewis Structure: a) Alcohol: b) Ether c) Aldehyde d) Ketone e) Carboxylic acid f) Ester g) Amine 24.41 The products are: a) CH3-CH2-COOH + H2O b) H2-C=CH-CH3 c) Not Clear 24.43 The possible isomers of C7H7Cl with a benzene ring are: a) b). c) d) 24.49 Given: Density of octane = 0.70 g/ml Volume of octane = 1 lt = 1000 ml Therefore; mass of octane is 700 g As the molecular weight of octane is 114.23 g/mole; so the total moles of octane burnt are (700/114) = 6.13 moles We know each mole of octane requires 12.5 moles of oxygen for complete combustion. Therefore for the combustion of 1 lt of octane, the oxygen required will be (12.5*6.13 =) 77.875 moles. It is known that volume of 1 mole of a gas at 20oC is 24.04 lt. So the volume of oxygen required would be (77.875*24.04 =) 1872.2 lt. Given that oxygen is 22% of the air. So the total volume of air required is (1872.2*100/22 =) 8510 lt. Answer: 8510 lt. of air is required for complete combustion of 1 lt. of octane. 24.53 The structural isomers of C4H8Cl2 are: 1. 1,1-dichlorobutane 2. 1,2-dichlorobutane This is a chiral structure. 3. 1,3-dichlorobutane This structure has a chiral carbon. 4. 1,4-dichlorobutane 5. 2,3-dichlorobutane This structure is chiral. 6. 1,1-dichloro-2-methyl-propane 7. 1,3-dichloro-2-methyl-propane 8. 1,2-dichloro-2-methyl-propane 24.59 The structure of: a) Cyclopentane b)

News Article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

News Article - Assignment Example very essential in determining the STD that one may be infected with as both viral and bacterial STDs have different treatment methods and some have may have no symptoms, but attack when it is too late. The issue on STD transmission, treatment, and prevention is covered in the biology concepts and connections chapter 27.7. As the article notes, a part from the viral and bacterial STDs, fungi and other organisms can csues some STDs. The article suggests that knowing the cause of the STD would make it much easier to treat, with the most common STD cause being bacteria that affects over 90 million people globally. The article reports that one advantage of bacterial STDs is that they are curable, comparing the viral STDs such as AIDs that has defied any treatment methods. Gonorrhea and syphilis are examples of bacteria transmitted STDs. Therefore, knowing the actual cause of the STD makes it much easier to and prevents cases of misdiagnoses. Lack of enough knowledge about these diseases may be fatal and lead to complications in late stage of some such as syphilis that may attack that nervous system. The article has some scientific facts. The article assesses the main pathogens of many STDs and tries to differentiate them through elaborating on the nature of STDs. Similarly, the article calls for care when dealing with STDs; some are contagious and finally stresses on the need to go for necessary test to determine the actual STD in question. Understanding STDs and the Importance of Regular Testing, Mod to Modern, 24March, 2013 http://www.modtomodern.com/understanding-stds-and-the-importance-of-regular-testing/ (accessed, 12th April,

Comprehensive evaluation in Mathematics Essay Example for Free

Comprehensive evaluation in Mathematics Essay Continuous comprehensive Evaluation should be carried out in relation to learners’ cognitive, affective and psycho-motor growth. Cognitive growth refers to the intellectual development of learners (such as learners’ knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation). Affective growth emphasizes learners’ attitude, interest and personal development. Psycho-motor growth deals with learners’ ability to perform some activity or do some practical work. Therefore, if you want the teaching-learning process to be really effective, you should evaluate the learners continuously and comprehensively Hence to bring about the improvement in the quality of education and the holistic development of the child who is tomorrow’s global citizen, evaluation process should focus adequately on both scholastic and non-scholastic areas of development. Hence the focus needs to shift to comprehensive evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation also needs to have continuity at regular intervals through out the academic year. This thought is further gets support from the fact that the National Progressive Schools Association has also recommended the scrapping of class X board exams This module focuses upon the various evaluation tools and techniques which can be used for decision making with reference to learners scholastic and non scholastic needs. By comprehensive evaluation, we mean that evaluation should not concern itself only with knowledge but it shall also take into account the factors that are inherent in students’ growth such as skills, understanding, appreciation, interest, attitude and habits. In other words, evaluation should cover all the learning experiences of the learner in curricular as well as non-cognitive areas. Need of Continuous comprehensive evaluation. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is intended to provide a holistic profile of the learner through assessment of both scholastic and non-scholastic aspects of education spread over the total span of instructional time in schools. It helps to identify those positive attributes of the learner which are not usually assessed during the examinations conducted by the Board As it is spread over a period of two years in class IX and X it provides several opportunities for the school to identify the latent talents of the learners in different contexts.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Physiology

Rheumatoid Arthritis Physiology Introduction Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is defined as a chronic, autoimmune condition that affects 400,000 people in the UK (Cooney et al. 2010). It is both bilateral and symmetrical in pattern and is typically presented in individuals between 30 to 50 years with females being more afflicted than men (Cooney et al. 2010). Although, RA is of unknown aetiology, causes are said to be both genetic and environmental in nature (Abhishek et al.2010). More specifically, inflammation, inactivity and loss of mechanical stability around joints plays a role in causing pain, stiffness and swelling of multiple joints. Consequently, long-term effects of RA been associated with reduced muscle strength (Ekbolm et al. 1974) and aerobic capacity (Minor et al. 1988). Currently, there is no cure for RA and therefore, management emphasizes on decreasing symptoms and promoting quality of life through either Drug Modifying Anti-Rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or physiotherapy (Arthritis Research, UK). Indeed, DMARDs are a first line treatment for RA; however, not everyone responds adequately to DMARDs (Smolen and Keystone, 2012) and RA patients usually refrain from using this due to the potential occurrence of life-threatening side-effects (Kinder et al. 2005). Today, physiotherapy for those with RA consist of many passive interventions such as patient education, delivery of heat or cold, massage and electro-magnetic energy (Wasserman,2011). However, despite earlier fear of aggravation of symptoms, increased disease activity and joint damage, there is now scientific evidence showing that exercise is safe and beneficial; making it an imperative part of rehabilitation (Stenstrom and Minor, 2003). Specifically, the most valued by RA patients is Hydrotherapy treatment (Hall et al. 1996) due to its ability to alleviate symptoms suddenly through exercising in water. The use of water properties such as buoyancy and warm temperatures enables patients to move freely through decreased weight bearing on joints, increased range of motion and reduced pain (Campion, 1997). Although, Hydrotherapy is growing significantly in popularity, literature in regards to the effectiveness of Hydrotherapy for RA has not been evaluated adequately. For example, Eversden et al. (2007) concluded that the Hydrotherapy group reported a greater perceived benefit in comparison to the land-based exercise group after six weeks. Importantly, these authors conducted a fairly well-designed study in that they took some precautions to eliminate bias through true randomization and concealment processes. However, these findings were not reflected in the physical functional or pain scores. Alongside this, there was a greater number of participants in the Hydrotherapy group compared to the Land-based group leading to potential biases. Secondly, Hall et al. (1996) found that all groups assessed (Hydrotherapy, Seated Immersion, Land Exercise and Progressive Relaxation) demonstrated joint tenderness and pain relief. However, Hydrotherapy presented the most improvements (26% mean decrease) after 4 weeks treatment. This study demonstrates strengths over Eversden et al. (2007) in that they had assessed disease activity rather than just improvements in functionality. However, it was not clearly stated whether or not improvements in Hydrotherapy group were statistically significant and treatment dosage, if longer (>4 weeks) could have produced a greater therapeutic effect. Thirdly, Bilberg and Mannerkorpi (2005) found significant improvements in muscle function and endurance of upper and lower extremities and grip force. However, this was not supported by an increase in aerobic capacity as indicated by their hypothesis and primary outcome measure (Cycle Ergometer Test; Astrand 2006). Unlike, Eversden et al. (2007) and Hall (1996) this study reported intensity of exercise (70% of HR) and addressed longer term effects (12 weeks). However, sample size was small (46 patients) and temperature of pool was not specified, making it difficult to generalise data. Overall, there was inadequate reporting of depth, temperature of pool, type and intensity of exercises. Although, outcome measures differed between studies, they were appropriate for use (Al-Qubaiessy et al). Therefore, there is some evidence showing that Hydrotherapy plays a role in reducing pain (Hall et al. 1996). Finally, this highlights the importance of using standardised exercise procedures, longer term-interventions especially as RA is a chronic condition. This will help in making specific recommendations. Therefore, in accordance to PICO, my research question is The long term effects of using specific Hydrotherapy exercise protocols: Aqua-Aerobics Programme and The Bad-Ragaz Ring Methods for RA. A randomized Controlled Trial. Research Design From a pragmatic viewpoint, a mixed methods approach will be best-suited for this study as pain is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. However, a positivist would argue that this study should be carried out only objectively as this would allow generalizable conclusions to be drawn (Brooms and Willis, 2007). Alongside this, they would argue that researchers are detached from the investigation, thereby reducing bias (Bryman, 2004). Contrastingly, an interpretivist would support a qualitivate approach which would allow greater and richer insight into patients perceptions of pain (Bryman, 2001). Therefore, yielding both qualitative and quantitative data will help increase findings and reliability of results (Bryman, 2004). For example, this study will be able to assess the subjective nature of pain whilst still observing the relation between pain and disease activity objectively. Thus, taking this stance, will allow to address the biopsychosocial approach rather just a biomedical model of care objectively (Engel, 1977). Finally, an experimental, embedded design will be used in this study. Alternatively, an interpretivist would use a case-study that assesses an individuals experiences; this will have high ecological validity but lacks the ability to produce generalizable conclusions.ÂÂ   By employing a multi-faceted approach, it will strengthen causal inferences by providing the opportunity to observe data convergence or divergence in hypothesis testing (Abowitz and Tool, 2010). Research Method In line with Rogers et al. (2003), the embedded experimental design utilised in this study will involve a two-phase sequential approach (Creswell et al. 2005). This will include qualitative analysis carried out before intervention to inform the development of the treatment and after to help explain treatment outcomes (Figure 1). Figure 1: Experimental Embedded Design. (Creswell 2005). Alongside this, an RCT will be used. In accordance to the hierarchy of evidence an RCT is suggested to be one of the most powerful in research (Akobeng, 2005) due to its ability to reduce risk of bias and systematic error (Bryman, 2004; Suresh, 2011). Contrastingly, a cross-over design would be difficult due potential carry-over effects even with a washout period (Saks and Allsop, 2013). Intervention Details The CONSORT statement will be used in order to enhance completeness and transparency of the study (Schulz et al. 2010). For example, attrition bias will be reduced through reporting drop-outs and reasons for this will also be included (Schulz et al. 2010). Reporting of eligibility criteria is essential to determine whether results can be applied to others in the same condition (Bluml et al. 2011).ÂÂ   In this instance, patients (men and women) aged 18+ (in line with the American College of Rheumatology) with chronic RA who meet Steinbrocker Functional Class I, II, or III (Steinbrocker, 1949) will be recruited from NHS outpatient settings in the West Midlands. Those who sustain a steady drug intake for 30 days in relation to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 3 months and DMARDs will be included in the trial. Although injections and corticoid injections in the 4 weeks leading up to the study will not be permitted, drug changes and injections will be during; this reflects the pragmatic nature of this study. Consequently, recruiting in this manner will increase ecological validity as it represents a real-world situation (Broom and Willis, 2007). Those, which have received physiotherapy treatment within 30 days of assessment will be excluded in order to avoid any carry over effects. Also, patients who have had joint-replacement surgery within the last 6 months will be excluded. Likewise, contraindications of exercise and immersion in water needs to be taken into account (e.g. patients with uncontrolled epilepsy or fear of water) will also be excluded. It is true that greater exclusion criteria can reduce generalisability of results. However, such steps have to be taken in order to eliminate occurrence of confounding data which could potentially have a negative impact on the results of the clinical trial (Broom and Willis, 2007) Group Details Patients will be randomized using sealed opaque envelopes with treatment allocation. Random sequence of numbers will be established through flipping a virtual coin (Eversden et al. 1996) to either: Hydrotherapy 1 (Aqua Aerobics Group) (Eccentric, Concentric Exercises). Hydrotherapy 2 (The Bad Ragaz-Ring Group). Home-Exercise group that continue with daily activities. Unlike previous research (e.g. Hall 1996; Eversden et al. 1996), this study will consider intensity at moderate level (70%) as it has been shown to demonstrate physiological improvements (Astrand, 1986); assessed via a heart rate monitor throughout sessions. Additionally, depth of pool will be just under chest height whereby 50%+ of bodyweight is offloaded through buoyancy and hydrostatic pressure has been suggested to reduce swelling at this level (Becker, 2009). Importantly, temperature will range from 33.5-35.5 degrees which is safe and sufficient enough to produce therapeutic benefits (Becker, 2009). Finally, treatment dosage will be twice a week consisting of 30 minute sessions for a 20 week period. This will address longer-term effects. Outcome Measures A research assistant blinded to the treatment allocations will evaluate the outcomes measures in order to reduce detection bias. Bilberg and Mannerkorpi (2005) used a C Reactive Protein (CRP) (i.e. higher levels demonstrates active inflammation) in order to test assess disease activity. However, it is said that more than 40% of RA patients have normal CRP levels (Sokka and Pincus, 2009), thus decreasing validity and clinical applicability. Therefore, this study will use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as the primary objective measure due its ability to present visual aspects of inflammation within the synovial membrane; shown to be a superior method and very relevant for RA (e.g. Østergaard, 2009) (Figure 1). This will be taken, baseline and post treatment for all groups. Secondary outcome measures will include Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (Figure 1) assessed on a 10cm scale, whereby 0cm indicates no pain. This is widely used to assess rheumatic diseases and a number of studies have established data showing that VAS results are very reproducible (e.g. Dixon and Bird, 1981).ÂÂ   Other physical measures will include the Ritchie Articular Index in order to assess joint tenderness; intra-reliability of this test has been shown to be acceptable (Levy and Dick, 1975) and is easy to perform. Finally, aerobic capacity will be analyzed through a submaximal test in accordance to Astrands Principle (Astrand and Rodahl, 1986); shown to have satisfactory reliability in RA populations (e.g. Mannerkorpi and Ekdahl, 1997). Both of which taken pre-post. Statistical Considerations and Analysis Analysis will be completed via the Fishers exact test and continuous variables by Wilcoxon signed rank tests for within group comparisons. Importantly, data analyses will be completed according to the intention to treat principles. Ethical Considerations In line with Beauchamp and Childress (2001) it will be essential to have respect for autonomy. Respecting this value, means to protect participants through data protection/confidentiality and ensuring they are adequately informed about what is proposed. In order to keep data anonymised personal details of quantitative data sets will be replaced with numbers. Most importantly, informed consent will be obtained before commencing the study to ensure participants are not subject to an intervention they do not want. To further fulfil these requirements, an information sheet for participants will be written which will also state risks as well as what data will be used for. Conclusion The main advantage of this study is that is assesses disease activity on a physiological level objectively and also observes the impacts subjectively via VAS scale; an unpopular approach in the Hydrotherapy literature (E.g. Hall, 1996, Bilberg et al. Eversden et al, 2007). Findings from this study, will hopefully assist in creating structured and standardised exercise programmes that could be used throughout healthcare systems. Finally, limitations of this study include the high costs that are associated with MRI scans and Hydrotherapy facilities. Nevertheless, this will address the longer term effects of Hydrotherapy for RA. Referenced Material Abhishek, A., Butt, S., Gadsby, K., Zhamg, W. Deighton, C.M. (2010). Anti-TNF-alpha agents are less effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in current smokers. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 16(1): 15-8. Abowitz, D.A. and Toole, T.M. (2010). Mixed Method Research: Fundamental Issue of Design, Validity, and Reliability in Construction Research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 136 (1). Akobeng, A.K. (2005). Understanding Randomised Controlled Trials. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 90. 840-844. Ã…strand, P.O. Rodahl, K. (1986) Textbook of Work Physiology, 4th edition. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1986. Beauchamp T. and ChildressÂÂ   (2001). Principles of medical ethics. Fifth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press Becker, B. (2009). Aquatic Therapy: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Rehabilitation Applications. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1. 859-872. Bilberg, A., Ahlmen., M. Mannerkorpi, K. (2005). Moderatley Intensive Execise in a Temperate Pool for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Study. Rheumatology. 44: 502-508. Blumle, A., Meerpohl, J.J., Rucker, G., Antes, G., Schumacher, M. and Elm, E.V. (2011). Reporting of Eligibility Criteria of Randomised Trials: Cohort Study Comparing Trial Protocols with Subsequent Articles. British Medical Journal. 342. 18-28. Broom, A., and Willis, E. (2007). Competing paradigms and health research. In Mike Saks and Judith Allsop (Ed.), Researching health: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods (pp. 16-31) London: Sage. Bryman, A. (2001) Social Research Method, 1st Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press Campion, M.R (1997). Hydrotherapy: Princples and Practice. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 3-24. Cooney, J.K., Law, R.J., Matschke, V., Lemmey, A.B., Moore, J.P., Ahamd, Y., Jones, J.G., Maddison, P. and Thom, J.M. (2011). Benefits of Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Aging Research. 1-14. Creswell, J.W., Clark, V.I., Gutmann, M. and Hanson W. (2003). Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In A. Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (Eds). Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research (pp. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Dixon, J.S. and Bird, H.A. (1981). Reproducibility along a 10 cm vertical visual analogue scale. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 40. 87-9. Ekblom, B., Lovgren O., Alderin, M., Fridstrom, M. Satterstrom G. (1974). Physical Performance in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 3(3): 121-5. Eversden, L., Maggs, F., Nightingale., P. Jobanputra, P., (2007). A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of hydrotherapy and land exercises on overallÂÂ   well being and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 8(1), p.1. Hall, J., Skevington, S.M., Maddison, P.J. Chapman, K., 1996. A randomized and controlled trial of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatism, 9(3), pp. 206-215. Kinder, A.J., Hassell, A.B., Brand, J., Brownfield, A., Grove, M. and Shadforth, M.F. (2004). The treatment of inflammatory arthritis with methotrexate in clinical practice: treatment duration and incidence of adverse drug reactions. Rheumatology.44 (1): 61-66. Minor, M.A., Hewett, J.E., Webel, R.R., Dreisginer, T.E. Kay, D.R. (1988). Exercise Tolerance and Disease Related Measures in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 15(6): 905-11. Saks,M. and Allsop,J. (2013) Researching Health: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods. 2nd ed. London: Sage Schulz,K., Altman,D. and Moher,D. (2010) CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 340:698-702 Smolen, J. and Keystone, E.C. (2012). Rheumatoid Arthritis: Where are we now? Pathogenesis, treatment response and tailored therapy. Rheumatology. 51(5). 18-20. Steinbrocker 0, Traeger C.H. and Batterman RC. (1949). Therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of The American Medical Association. 140: 659-662. Stenstrom, C.H. and Minor, M.A. (2003). Evidence for the benefit of aerobic and strengthening exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Research. 49(3). 428-434. Sokka, T. and Pincus, T. (2009). Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-Reactive Protein, or Rheumatoid Factor Are Not Normal at Presentration in 35%-45% of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Seen Between 1980 and 2004: Analyses from Finland and the United States. The Journal of Rheumatology. 36(7). 1387-1390. Suresh,K. (2011) An overview of randomisation techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1):8-11 Ostergaard, M. (2009). Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Quantitative methods for assessment of the inflammatory process in peripheral joints: Summary of Thesis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 28. 265.ÂÂ   Wasserman, A.M. (2011). Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. American Family Physician. 84(11). 1245-1252.